34.9 Conclusion

531

In this method, monomer(s) and nanofillers are dispersed in the same container to

prepare homogenous solution that is followed by polymerization reaction [127]. The

nanofillers are modified by incorporating functional groups to enhance its interac-

tion with the polymer matrix.

34.8

Green Valorization

The extraction of either biochemicals or bioplastics can be seen broadly whether they

are green environmental-friendly technologies or conventional technologies. These

have also been called as conventional or emerging [128] and thermal or non-thermal

[129, 130]. Green valorization refers to technologies which follow the six principles

put forward by Chemat et al. [131] of environmental-friendly extraction of natural

products from wastes taking into consideration the economics as well as effective-

ness of the extraction process.

Carciochi et al. [132] and Panzella et al. [133] have done a detailed review on

the existing technologies for the green extraction of valuable bioactive compounds

from AFW. Various green extraction strategies like microwave-assisted extraction,

ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, deep eutectic solvent

extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, pulsed electric field technologies, pressur-

ized liquid extraction and instant controlled pressure drop have been dealt in great

detail. Green valorization technique alone will achieve the concept of zero waste

and sustainability of processes, since it is important for any valorization technique

to be environmental-friendly providing solutions to integrate into existing processes

rather than posing fresh challenges.

34.9

Conclusion

The post-COVID world is likely to see food shortages and hunger and the poorest

are going to bear the brunt of this reality. Predicted poverty number is set to rise

and the accessibility to good food is likely to take a beating. Under this scenario, it

is next to crime to waste foods. Prevention and valorization of AFW is here to stay

with the biorefinery concept likely to make innovative strides in extracting biochem-

icals, bioplastics and bioenergy from this wastage. Sequential extraction techniques

enable systematic removal of commercially valuable compounds with final wastes

being used in energy production thereby reaching to zero-waste situations. Such

an effort also makes economic sense to the agri-food handlers, processors to lessen

environmental impacts, help municipal workers in solid waste management, legisla-

tors fulfill social obligations making development and progress sustainable. Support

from government legislations across the world is imminent for the success of the ini-

tiative. A starting point would be the brilliant European initiative [134] compiling

a compositional database with an intention to identify important wastes, valoriza-

tion approaches, exploitation, suitability and market potential. Such a database and

waste-handling strategy need to be compiled by individual industries and effectively

implemented to ensure environmental and social obligations.